Introduction to Zn-based batteries
Zn-based batteries are a next-generation energy storage technology, purpose-built for flexibility, scalability, and durability. Unlike traditional batteries, Zn-based redox-flow-batteries store energy in externally contained liquid electrolytes that flow through an electrochemical cell during charging and discharging. This unique design enables systems to be tailored for energy capacities ranging from a few kilowatt-hours (kWh) to several megawatt-hours (MWh), making Zn-based batteries ideal for everything from residential to utility-scale applications.
Applications and impact
Zn-based batteries become a more powerful and practical solution for:
Stationary energy storage
Grid integration and load shifting
Renewable energy buffering (solar, wind)
Backup power for critical infrastructure
These systems offer the scalability and durability needed for modern energy challenges—empowering utilities, industries, and communities to store and deploy energy more reliably.
Typical applications by system size
Small scale – residential
(5 kWh – 100 kWh)
Homes and small businesses
Medium scale – off grid
(100 kWh – 1 MWh)
Commercial or industrial facilities
Large scale – grid
(>1 MWh)
Grid-level energy storage and renewable energy integration
Zn-based batteries’ advantages
Safety: Non-flammable electrolytes used, reducing the risk of fire hazards
Depth of discharge: 100% depth of discharge achievable on a daily basis without significant capacity degradation
Cycle life: Longer cycle life (> 20,000 cycles), compared to lithium-ion batteries (~ 10,000 cycles)
Material cost: Zinc is more abundant and less expensive than lithium, contributing to lower overall material costs
Temperature management: No complex cooling systems required, simplifying design and reducing maintenance costs
Recyclability: Materials used in Zn-based batteries are easier to recycle using existing processes
Zn-based battery: A sustainable alternative
In the global push for more sustainable energy solutions, zinc-based batteries are gaining traction as a viable alternative to lithium-ion battery systems. Zinc is widely available, cost-effective, and offers compelling electrochemical properties for energy storage. However, technical hurdles—especially related to zinc metal deposition—can limit their commercial scalability.
Challenges in Zn-based battery performance
While Zn-based batteries offer strong potential, they face performance and reliability challenges due to:
Dendritic growth
During the charging process, zinc metal tends to form dendrites—needle-like structures that can grow through the separator or membrane. This leads to:
- Inhomogeneous Zn plating / short circuits
- Efficiency loss and reduced cycle life
- Potential thermal and safety hazards
Parasitic reactions
Hydrogen gas evolution and other side reactions can:
- Lower coulombic efficiency and lead to an imbalance of redox reactions
- Increase maintenance requirements
- Reduce long-term system stability
Smarter Zn batteries with MKS’ Atotech Dendblock additives
To overcome these limitations, MKS’ Atotech has engineered the Dendblock family of electroplating additives—designed specifically to enhance zinc electrodeposition in Zn-based batteries. These additives prevent dendrites, boost efficiency, and enable fast charging. They help ensure a more controlled, stable, and uniform plating process for safer, longer-lasting zinc-based batteries.
